Is Complementarianism Inherently Harmful?
This crisis partly calls for more theological and practical work that explains why Holy Scripture teaches a male-only episcopate. God does not act in arbitrary ways. A male-only episcopate is not a random or eclectic practice of the first century. Some deeper truth is at hand; some rational and explainable reason exists. God created the natural order to work in a specific way.
During the last forty years, evangelicals have debated whether or not the Bible allows for women to occupy the role of elder or bishop. Egalitarians maintain that men and women may take the office of elder, while complementarians believe in a male-only episcopate. A host of other notions around gender and roles also appear in such discussions.
Yet I have noticed a recent shift in arguments. Yes, both sides still claim the Bible as their source for their conclusions. But egalitarians argue that complementarian teaching is inherently harmful or at least that it controls women. And since harming women is wrong (everyone agrees on this), it follows that complementarianism is wrong.
A New Egalitarian form of Argument
To cite one example, Aimee Byrd explains in a recent article how she used to believe in complementarian teaching, but now she knows who pays the price for it (i.e. women). Sheila Gregoire explains in a comment how her body reacts—presumably due to experiencing trauma or seeing so much of it—when she considers complementarian teaching. She explains, “I just can’t do it anymore. Like, I physically can’t. My body has all those reactions as well.”
I trust that both Byrd and Gregoire have experienced all sorts of unkindness. My point here is not to deny their experience but narrate one example of what seems to be a common pattern. Egalitarians (or those who are at least anti-complementarian) argue:
- Major premise: Abuse and traumatizing women are wrong (and all agree)
- Minor premise: Complementarian churches have lots of abuse and trauma in them
- Conclusion: Complementarian promotes abuse and trauma and is therefore wrong.
Now, churches that promote a late twentieth-century teaching called complementarianism could promote such things in their congregations. We might say they imbibed some modern and rotten theology. Recently, I met someone who basically followed Bill Gothard’s teaching of the family. Admittedly, I find such teachings bizarre and wrong. I had never encountered them before.
When I read Beth Allison Barr’s book on The Making of Biblical Womanhood, I found her negative examples of patriarchy wild and outside of my experience. You can read my review of her book by clicking here.
My suspicion is that those most critical of complementarianism have left a form of fundamentalism as well. And such an exodus often characterizes why they reject so strongly complementarianism. It, after all, encodes a gendered teaching on men and women in pervasive ways.
I also suspect there are many things evangelicals should reject that go under the name of complementarianism. As noted, when I heard about Bill Gothard or some of the things that Beth Barr narrates, I found them both foreign and incorrect.
With all that said, I still wonder if the argument that I described above masks the real debate at hand: what does the Bible teach about the role of a pastor and of men and women generally?
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Arrests, Beatings and Secret Prayers: Inside the Persecution of India’s Christians
Across India, the anti-Christian forces are growing stronger by the day, and they have many faces, including a white-collar army of lawyers and clerks who file legal complaints against Christian organizations. They also devise devastating social boycotts against isolated Christians in remote villages. According to extensive interviews, Hindu nationalists have blocked Christians from community wells, barred them from visiting Hindu homes and ostracized villagers for believing in Jesus. Last year, in one town, they stopped people from gathering on Christmas.
INDORE, India — The Christians were mid-hymn when the mob kicked in the door.
A swarm of men dressed in saffron poured inside. They jumped onstage and shouted Hindu supremacist slogans. They punched pastors in the head. They threw women to the ground, sending terrified children scuttling under their chairs.
“They kept beating us, pulling out hair,” said Manish David, one of the pastors who was assaulted. “They yelled: ‘What are you doing here? What songs are you singing? What are you trying to do?’”
The attack unfolded on the morning of Jan. 26 at the Satprakashan Sanchar Kendra Christian center in the city of Indore. The police soon arrived, but the officers did not touch the aggressors. Instead, they arrested and jailed the pastors and other church elders, who were still dizzy from getting punched in the head. The Christians were charged with breaking a newly enforced law that targets religious conversions, one that mirrors at least a dozen other measures across the country that have prompted a surge in mob violence against Indian Christians.
Pastor David was not converting anyone, he said. But the organized assault against his church was propelled by a growing anti-Christian hysteria that is spreading across this vast nation, home to one of Asia’s oldest and largest Christian communities, with more than 30 million adherents.
Anti-Christian vigilantes are sweeping through villages, storming churches, burning Christian literature, attacking schools and assaulting worshipers. In many cases, the police and members of India’s governing party are helping them, government documents and dozens of interviews revealed. In church after church, the very act of worship has become dangerous despite constitutional protections for freedom of religion.
To many Hindu extremists, the attacks are justified — a means of preventing religious conversions. To them, the possibility that some Indians, even a relatively small number, would reject Hinduism for Christianity is a threat to their dream of turning India into a pure Hindu nation. Many Christians have become so frightened that they try to pass as Hindu to protect themselves.
“I just don’t get it,” said Abhishek Ninama, a Christian farmer, who stared dejectedly at a rural church stomped apart this year. “What is it that we do that makes them hate us so much?”
The pressure is greatest in central and northern India, where the governing party of Prime Minister Narendra Modi is firmly in control, and where evangelical Christian groups are making inroads among lower-caste Hindus, albeit quietly. Pastors hold clandestine ceremonies at night. They conduct secret baptisms. They pass out audio Bibles that look like little transistor radios so that illiterate farmers can surreptitiously listen to the scripture as they plow their fields.
Since its independence in 1947, India has been the world’s largest experiment in democracy. At times, communal violence, often between Hindus and Muslims, has tested its commitment to religious pluralism, but usually the authorities try, albeit sometimes too slowly, to tamp it down.
The issue of conversions to Christianity from Hinduism is an especially touchy subject, one that has vexed the country for years and even drew in Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister, who fiercely guarded India’s secular ideals. In the past few years, Mr. Modi and his Hindu nationalist party have tugged India far to the right, away from what many Indians see as the multicultural foundation Nehru built. The rising attacks on Christians, who make up about 2 percent of the population, are part of a broader shift in India, in which minorities feel less safe.
Mr. Modi is facing increasing international pressure to rein in his supporters and stop the persecution of Muslims and Christians. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, a government body, recommended that India be put on its red list for “severe violations of religious freedom” — a charge the Modi administration strongly denied.
But across India, the anti-Christian forces are growing stronger by the day, and they have many faces, including a white-collar army of lawyers and clerks who file legal complaints against Christian organizations. They also devise devastating social boycotts against isolated Christians in remote villages. According to extensive interviews, Hindu nationalists have blocked Christians from community wells, barred them from visiting Hindu homes and ostracized villagers for believing in Jesus. Last year, in one town, they stopped people from gathering on Christmas.
“Christians are being suppressed, discriminated against and persecuted at rising levels like never before in India,” said Matias Perttula, the advocacy director at International Christian Concern, a leading anti-persecution group. “And the attackers run free, every time.”
“They Want to Remove Us From Society”
Dilip Chouhan sits in an office behind a copy shop in the small central Indian town of Alirajpur, meaty arms folded across his chest. Above him stretches a poster of a tribal warrior. Mr. Chouhan is part of a growing network of anti-Christian muscle.
Just the mention of Christians makes his face pucker, as if he licked a lemon.
“These ‘believers,’” he said, using the term derisively, “they promise all kinds of stuff — motorcycles, TVs, fridges. They work off superstition. They mislead people.”
Mr. Chouhan lives in the central state of Madhya Pradesh, which this year passed an anti-conversion law that carries prison sentences of up to 10 years for any person found guilty of leading illegal conversions, which are vaguely defined. Energized by this law, Mr. Chouhan, 35, and scores of other young Hindu nationalists have stormed a string of churches. Some of the raids were broadcast on the news, including footage of Mr. Chouhan barging into one church with a shotgun on his back.
He said he wore the gun on his back simply out of “fashion,” and a senior police officer in that area said there would be no charges. Instead, as happened with the Indore episode, several pastors in the ransacked churches were jailed on charges of illegal conversions. Police officials declined to share their evidence.
Mr. Chouhan says his group, which uses WhatsApp to plan its raids on upcoming church services, has 5,000 members. It is part of a constellation of Hindu nationalist organizations across the country, including the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, or R.S.S., as well as many members of Mr. Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party, or the B.J.P.
“The B.J.P. is really into this issue, big time,” said Gaurav Tiwari, a party youth leader in Madhya Pradesh.His B.J.P. comrades in the neighboring state of Chhattisgarh recently conducted several anti-Christian marches during which they belted out: “Converters! Let’s beat them with shoes!” In September, they did exactly that: A throng of young B.J.P. workers from the same chapter barged into a Chhattisgarh police station and hurled shoes at two pastors and beat them up — right in front of police officers.
“I slapped that pastor five or six times,” bragged Rahul Rao, a 34-year-old contractor and officer holder of the B.J.P. youth cell. “It was immensely satisfying.”
In this case, police officers have charged Mr. Rao, who was bailed out by other B.J.P. members. But in many cases, the authorities take the mob’s side.
A recently leaked letter, from a top police official in Chhattisgarh to his underlings, reads: “Keep a constant vigil on the activities of Christian missionaries.”
Another leaked document, from a district administrator in Baghpat, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, last year denied Christians the right to celebrate Christmas at a church. And just a few weeks ago, an esteemed Hindu priest presented, in public, with B.J.P. leaders sharing a stage with him, his remedy for those who try to convert others: beheading.Christians in states such as Kerala and Goa, which have large historic Christian communities, face much less persecution, if any at all.
But in tradition-bound rural areas where Christians are a tiny minority and community means everything, the pressure is intense.
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I Wasn’t a Minority, Until Today
COVID-19 shouldn’t make us forget what this nation is supposed to stand for. COVID-19 shouldn’t make us forget our history. COVID shouldn’t make us forget our fundamental freedoms. If our freedoms aren’t fundamental in difficult times, then they aren’t fundamental at all.
One of my friends sent me a text earlier this week saying:
It’s interesting: in all my 29 years of living in this country, I’ve never once felt that I was a minority—until now.
I feel the same way.
My friend and I are what the Canadian government officially labels as “visible minorities”. But we’ve never accepted that term. We are not minorities. We’ve never felt outnumbered in this country. We’ve never felt like outsiders in our home.
Until now.
We’ve never felt like minorities—until now. We had the same rights as everybody else—until now. We’ve never felt like minorities in a two-tier system—until now. We’ve never felt like second-class citizens—until now. We were not marginalized or segregated—until now.
I wasn’t a minority—until today.
Yesterday, Ontario Premier Doug Ford announced that vaccine passports will be enforced in our province starting September 22nd.
Because of Doug Ford’s provincial vaccine passport and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s federal vaccine mandate, I will no longer be allowed in restaurants, movie theatres, concerts, gyms, some trains, and planes.
Justin Trudeau recently said:
[unvaccinated people] are putting at risk their own kids, and they’re putting at risk our kids as well. That’s why we’ve been unequivocal: if you want to get on a train or a plane in the coming months, you’re going to have to be fully vaccinated so families with their kids don’t have to worry that someone is going to put them in danger in the seat next to them or across the aisle…those people are putting us all at risk.
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The Mystery of Providence, An Excerpt
Providence is mysterious in such a way that we shortsighted souls are not able to catch the spectacle of God’s distant ends. God does not focus on the present advantage for himself and his creatures, but his eye is to his own glory in all, even to the very last ages of the world. God discloses grand designs in small things, and noble mysteries are hidden in the least of his acts.
For since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe.1 Corinthians 1:21
Because the ways of God are beyond human comprehension, much of what he does seems counterintuitive to us—yet it is always right. His grand designs are disclosed in small things, and noble mysteries are hidden in the least of his acts. We rarely understand the process, but God never fails to bring the results that are required for his glory and for our good.
As providence is universal, so it is mysterious. God’s throne is in the dark. Who can trace the motions of his eyes as they race? In moving about the earth, “he makes the clouds his chariot” (Ps. 104:3), and as he rides on the wings of the wind, his providential speed makes it too quick for us to understand. His ways are beyond all human reason and wisdom. His most diligent servants cannot decipher the full extent of his works because the swift motion of God’s eyes is too quick for ours.
John the Baptist is so astonished at the strange condescension of his Savior to be baptized by him that he forbids it at first: “I need to be baptized by you, and do you come to me?” (Matt. 3:14). Men and women are weak creatures and cannot trace or comprehend the wisdom of God.
The mystery and darkness of providence cast a luster on it, just as precious jewels are set in ebony so that the stark contrast of the dark background heightens their brilliance and beauty.
God’s Ways Are above Our Ways
Providence is mysterious because God’s ways are above our human methods. Dark providences are often a smoldering groundwork laid for some excellent design that God is about to reveal.
God keeps Sarah childless and then brings forth the root of countless descendants from her womb. He makes Jacob a cripple and then a prince to prevail with God, first wounding him and then giving a blessing. God sends Christ and the gospel at a time of high intellectual achievements to confound the reason and the wisdom of the world, which is not able to discern the knowledge of God: “Since, in the wisdom of God, the world did not know God through wisdom, it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe” (1 Cor. 1:21).
God’s Ends Are Higher Than Our Aims
God’s ends have a higher objective than human aims. Who would have thought that the military forces of Cyrus, which he ignited against Babylon to satisfy his own ambition, would be a means to deliver the Israelites and restore the worship of God in the temple? This was God’s end, which Isaiah prophesied and Cyrus never imagined: “I am the Lord . . . who says of Cyrus, ‘He is my shepherd, and he shall fulfill all my purpose’; saying of Jerusalem, ‘She shall be built,’ and of the temple, ‘Your foundation shall be laid’” (Isa. 44:24, 28). This was spoken long before Cyrus was born.
Pharaoh sent Israel away at the end of four hundred and thirty years, the time appointed beforehand by God. He could not keep them any longer because of God’s promise, and he would not keep them because of God’s plagues. God’s aim was to glorify his truth by fulfilling his word. Pharaoh had no desire to accomplish God’s will but only to be delivered from God’s judgments.
We can easily observe how God’s ends are far different from human ways by looking at Augustus and his plan to tax the world (Luke 2:1–4). Acting out of pride, Augustus was eager to count those under his reign. In Tarragona, Spain, in 26 BC, he proclaimed that a census would be taken of the whole empire. Soon after his announcement, resistance arose from various groups, and Augustus deferred his resolution to a more suitable time—the very time of the birth of Christ. Now we see God’s wise disposal of things in changing Augustus’s resolution and deferring it until Christ was ready to come into the world!
Christ, the seed of David, was to be born at Bethlehem, the town where Jesse had lived and David had been born. The census decreed by Augustus made it necessary for Joseph and Mary to come from Nazareth, where they lived and where Jesus had been conceived, and to journey to Bethlehem. Mary, being great with child, likely would not have made this journey for any reason short of the emperor’s edict. How wisely does God order human ambition and pride to fulfill his own prophecies and to publish the truth of Christ’s birth, for the names of Joseph and Mary were found in the records of Rome in Tertullian’s time.
God’s Actions Have Multiple Ends
God accomplishes multiple outcomes through a single action. Jacob is oppressed by famine, while Pharaoh is enriched with plenty. Joseph’s imprisonment is intended for his father’s relief and Pharaoh’s wealth. Joseph is wrongly accused, and his chastity is rewarded with incarceration. This later serves to further his advancement: he moves from being imprisoned to being highly favored and honored by Pharaoh.
What is God’s end in all this? To preserve the Egyptian nation, yes, and also Jacob and his family. But this was not his only purpose. By these means, God lays the foundation for his future designs to be carried out in an age to come. Jacob is brought into Egypt and leaves his posterity there, making a way for God to be glorified as he works future miracles for the deliverance of Jacob’s descendants. This is such an act that it should continuously ring throughout the world as a type of spiritual deliverance by Christ for all to remember.
God’s Ends Are for His Glory
Providence is mysterious in such a way that we shortsighted souls are not able to catch the spectacle of God’s distant ends. God does not focus on the present advantage for himself and his creatures, but his eye is to his own glory in all, even to the very last ages of the world. God discloses grand designs in small things, and noble mysteries are hidden in the least of his acts.
Though intended to die, Isaac was delivered from his father’s sword and thus set forth to the world a type of Christ’s resurrection. Meanwhile, God caused a ram to be entangled in the thickets, appointing it for the sacrifice, and thus it set forth a type of Christ’s death.
God uses the captivities of the people to increase the boundaries for the spread of the gospel. The wise men were guided by a star to find Christ, King of the Jews, and pay homage to the infant. Where was the foundation of this remarkable event laid? Probably in Balaam’s prophecy: “I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near: a star shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel” (Num. 24:17). This was likely handed down through tradition to the wise men, perhaps renewed by Sibilla Chaldea, and further confirmed in their minds by the Jews as they spoke with the Babylonians while in captivity. Thus the mystery of providence stands.
Many ages before, God purposed to prepare his people for the coming of Christ and determined when he should be born. Scripture does not tell us what the wise men were seeking, but their gifts were a means to preserve our Savior, Joseph, and Mary from the rage of a tyrant by allowing them to support themselves in Egypt, where God ordered them to flee for security.
When an officer of the king scoffed at God’s promise of miraculous provision, the prophet Elisha assured him that he would indeed see the provision come to pass but would not taste it (2 Kings 7:1–2). The next day, the king put his captain in charge of the gate, and when food prices dropped as dramatically as promised, the people, hungry and crowding through the gate for provisions, trampled the officer to death, thus carrying out the prophecy without any intentions of doing so. See how God orders second causes naturally to bring about his own decree!
Study QuestionsWhy can’t human beings fully understand God’s providence?
Read 1 Corinthians 1:18–30. What distinction is there between God’s providence and the “wisdom” of the world?
Charnock uses Joseph as an illustration of how God can accomplish multiple ends with a single event. Can you think of other examples from Scripture that illustrate this point?Excerpt taken from Chapter 4: The Mystery of Providence, Divine Providence: A Classic Work for Modern Readers by Stephen Charnock and edited by Carolyn B. Whiting. A new edition will be released on September 21, 2022 by P&R Publishing. Used with permission.
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