The Septuagint: What It Is and Why It Matters

Lanier and Ross do not disappoint in providing a picture of the current state of scholarship in the field, and the footnotes will direct you to many other important works worth considering. This book clearly and simply explains the burgeoning field of Septuagint studies, but also succeeds in showcasing its value for all Christians today.
There are plenty of good books on the Septuagint, and The Septuagint: What It Is and Why It Matters by Greg Lanier and Will Ross is unquestionably the best one to begin with, but it’s also tremendously valuable for anyone already well-versed on the subject. It’s a quick read and easy to understand. No knowledge of Greek or Hebrew is required. The authors offer a simple presentation of a complex topic and make a significant contribution to the understanding of its authority, while interacting with a plethora of scholarly literature along the way.
Part 1 (“What Is the Septuagint?”) establishes the definition of “the Septuagint” before surveying dominant origin theories, translation techniques, and the complex world of rescensions.
Part 2 (“Why Does It Matter?) attends to the Septuagint and its implications for OT and NT study before concluding with a thorough chapter on the authority of this ancient version. They convincingly argue for three forms of authority: normative, derivative, and interpretive. The Hebrew canon is authoritative, but the Septuagint aids in establishing that text. The derivative authority of the Septuagint means it’s the Word of God so long as it accurately reflects the message of the Hebrew canon. It’s interpretive authority is shorthand for its useful (yet fallible) role as ancient commentary.
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Jesus Christ, Pride, and You
While warning the world of sin and judgment, the Lord in His infinite mercy and grace does not leave you with the pronouncement of death for all your perversions. Yes, He tells you that by the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His sight (Romans 3:20). Yes, He says sodomites and homosexuals and boasters in the flesh and haters of God will not inherit eternal life. But He does not stop there. That is where we in our sin – apart from Christ. But then the glory is revealed. But now… You, who cannot find life or salvation on your own, have this glorious message revealed, life and salvation come to you. By the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His sight… But now the righteousness of God apart from the law is revealed…even the righteousness of God, through faith in Jesus Christ, to all and on all who believe. Romans 3:20-22 NKJV
Do not be proud, for the LORD has spoken. Give glory to the LORD your God before He causes darkness.
Jeremiah 13:15-16 NKJV
More than 2,000 years ago a king named Herod made a speech at the occasion of a peace treaty. Those that heard him speak said that his voice was that of a god and not of a man. Rather than giving glory to God, King Herod took the praise for himself. In his pride, an angel of the Lord struck him, and he was eaten by worms and died (Acts 12:20-24).
Pride – a great sin among the nations throughout history is a sin that afflicts us today. Pride was involved when Eve in the garden listened to the serpent and gave the fruit to Adam so that he sinned against God. (Genesis 3:1-19). With all our advances in technology and understanding of the creation, we have not humbled ourselves before the Creator who is blessed forever, but we worship and serve the creature who is passing away.
Sodom, that infamous city of Canaan was notorious for its sin of pride. She was a city full of wealth, idleness, and in her pride she committed abominations before God. Therefore, God took her away through fire and brimstone from Heaven (Ezekiel 16:49-50).
Nebuchadnezzar, the great king of Babylon, the conqueror of Judah, the destroyer of Egypt, was full of pride. When he was repented, he made this confession of God, His “works are truth, and His ways justice. And those who walk in pride He is able to put down” (Daniel 4:37).
Nebuchadnezzar’s son repeated his father’s sin. Full of pride, relishing in his wives, treasures, and friends, the Lord brought the Medes and the Persians into Babylon and destroyed Belshazzar and his kingdom in a single night. For the Lord said, you have been weighed in the balances, and found wanting (Daniel 6:27). For [Babylon] has been proud against the LORD, against the Holy One of Israel…the most proud shall stumble and fall… I will kindle a fire in his cities, and it will devour all around him” (Jeremiah 50:29-32).
The empires of the ancient world, from the Greeks and Carthaginians to the Romans whose emperors were supposed to be gods, all were full of pride and were destroyed. Modern history is much the same. The 1,000-year Reich of Nazi Germany lasted less than 15 years. The glory of Mussolini’s Italy ended with his body defiled. All the proud have been brought low by the God they denied, while His Word which they hated has endured.
God resists the proud, but gives grace to the humble
James 4:6
Many major cities around the world celebrates the great evil of pride. Rather than confessing we are but men who are here for a moment and perish, they act like they will live forever, delighting in evil, and condemning good. And yet the Lord cries out a warning that the day of the LORD of hosts shall come upon everything proud and lofty, upon everything lifted up – and it shall be brought low (Isaiah 2:12).
The world’s prophets tell you not to worry about pride, rather, celebrate it. Your friends and family members celebrate your pride with you. Though all the world join with you in pride, the Lord will still be against you. For this reason, we do not come to you today telling you Peace, Peace when there is no peace and you are on the path to destruction. Rather, we come to you crying Repent, the kingdom of God is at hand!
The Lord will destroy the house of the proud
Proverbs 15:25
The matter of destruction ought to possess your greatest attention. The inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah in one night were destroyed by God with fire and brimstone. The judgment of the Lord is coming again and is being revealed now as a warning to the living. Death has come and is coming upon you and all people, for all have sinned (Romans 5:12).
The judgment that is coming on the proud is a place of great terror and torment. It is the place Jesus refers to as Hell, where their worm does not die, and the fire is not quenched (Mark 9:44).
We plead with you… Repent therefore and be converted that your sins may be blotted out (Acts 3:19).
The Bible on PRIDE
For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders, thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lewdness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness. All these evil things come from within and defile a man.
Mark 7:21-23 NKJV
Hear and give ear: Do not be proud, for the Lord has spoken. Give glory to the LORD your God before He causes darkness.
Jeremiah 13:15-16 NKJV
The one who has a haughty look and a proud heart, him I will not endure.
Psalm 101:5 NKJV
Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.
Proverbs 16:18 NKJV
When pride comes, then comes shame; but with the humble is wisdom.
Proverbs 11:2 NKJV
A man’s pride will bring him low, but the humble in spirit will retain honor.
Proverbs 29:23 NKJV
These six things the LORD hates, yes, seven are an abomination to Him: A proud look, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood.
Proverbs 6:16-17 NKJV
The fear of the LORD is to hate evil; pride and arrogance and the evil way and the perverse mouth I hate.
Proverbs 8:13 NKJV
For all that is in the world – the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life – is not of the Father but is of the world. And the world is passing away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever.
I John 2:16-17 NKJV
Homosexuality: God Gave Them Up
What is good? You are living in a time where the answer to that question is generally, “whatever you say it is.” When it comes to a mother murdering her child, the world tells her, “Your choice is the right choice,” and “Your body your choice.” When it comes to sexuality and identity the world tells you, “You are how you feel” and “love is love.”
A problem with these slogans is that the underlying truth they present is “you” and you are always changing. Therefore, what is good is not stable but is constantly in motion, always changing, never certain, and will eventually die.
God who is good has not left you to determine good according to your own ideas but has rather shown you, O man, what is good: And what does the LORD require of you but to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God (Micah 6:8).
If you love God, you will humble yourself before Him and seek to keep His commandments. If you hate God you will walk in pride, not only sinning against God but approving of those who do the same (Romans 1:32).
You know God today because you are made in His image. But do you glorify God as God? For much of the world the answer is “no.” Professing themselves to be wise, the world has exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God into an image like corruptible man and worshipped the creature instead of the Creator who is blessed forever, Amen.
For this reason, exchanging the truth of God for a lie, God said He gave them up to vile passions, men and women practicing homosexuality, given over to pride, haters of God, and similar sins.
These acts, activities, and lifestyles that you may engage in or celebrate as an ally are perverted pursuits. The word perverted is not meant as a slur but rather a statement meaning to turn aside or away from what is good and morally right.
Leaving what is good, that which is from God, you have become perverted in your ways. God refers to this perversion as a reprobate mind and is His judgment against a wicked people.
In similar manner God speaks concerning Sodom and Gomorrah. It is from Sodom of course that the name “sodomite” and “sodomy” are derived. Of these cities, God said, having given themselves over to sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh, are set forth as an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire (Jude 1:7).
Sodom and Gomorrah gave themselves over to sin and God gave them up to their sin. This is the reality of homosexuality and LGBTQ+ culture, God has given over to perversion those who have given themselves over to sin.
It is not the goal of this short pamphlet to convince you of your sin and misery in this perverted and sinful condition. Rather, this condition is known to you. Those who were in homosexuality before you and have been born again of the Spirit and saved by the blood of the Lamb of God have had this testimony – that they heard the Word of God from faithful witnesses and knew their own sin but for some time, perhaps years, they suppressed the truth, crying out louder against it and blocking their ears from it until God by His Word and Spirit convinced them of their sin and misery enlightened their minds to the knowledge of Christ and renewed their wills so that they could embrace Jesus Christ who is freely offered to us in the Gospel.
The arm of the Lord is stretched out today toward you sinner by His Word. He has shown you what is good. Will you listen to Him who is good, hear the call of God today, and heed His call?
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Unformed Expression
Formed expression is what our hearts cry out for. We want our preachers to articulate the truth with a kind of clarity that enables us to grasp and retain it. We want our psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs to capture and express affections we have had but have not known how to express. We want corporate prayers to be elevated, careful, thoughtful and Scriptural. We want the music to have structural integrity, a tonal center, and a normal and recognizable sense of progression. When people who are trained in the forms of rhetoric, poetry, or music give us a structure, it actually sets us free to express ourselves properly.
Richard Weaver’s book Ideas Have Consequences is one of the more demanding reads you’ll encounter. I’ll confess it took me more than one reading to grasp his arguments. Throughout the book, Weaver keeps dropping these gems of insight, which one often picks up on a re-read. One of them is this:
Unformed expression is ever tending toward ignorance.
To put it another way, when people express themselves, whether through speech, writing, poetry, music, or other art forms, their expression needs the guidance of form. Speeches need introductions, propositional statements, main points, supporting arguments, conclusions and the like. Poetry needs a particular metre, rhyme scheme, line length, metaphor, and other devices. Music needs melody, harmony, rhythm, timbre, and so forth. Whatever the device used for human expression, it has a form that such expression must be poured into, like metal into a mould. The mould can be changed, but apart from the mould, molten metal will simply pour chaotically into a shapeless mess.
Weaver is suggesting that human expression is just like that. Remove the constraints of form, and human expression tends towards ignorance. If thoughts and affections are not channelled and disciplined by the structure of speech or poetry or music or the like, they become disorganised, disparate, disjointed and, in a word, chaotic. Chaos does not enlighten or educate anyone; it increases ignorance.
Consider some cringeworthy examples from within the walls of the church: A preacher whose desire to be extemporaneous exceeds his supply of helpful things to say; “testimony time,” where the one testifying cannot make his or her point without saying it twenty different ways over fifteen minutes; prayer meetings where the prayers are meandering rambles of stock clichés and trivial requests; songs written by the song leader earlier that week (or day); “prophetic singing,” where the song leader plays chords and makes up words as he goes along.
In these situations, we grow exasperated. We wish the preacher would simply stick to his notes. We wish the one praying would shorten his prayer to the things needful to ask for.
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More Than Mom Can Bear
When God pushes us past our limits with circumstances that have us sprinting and gasping, it is his grace to us. He’s driving us toward his goodness. He’s pressing us beyond ourselves to new vistas of himself. He’s moving us away from the things that would really harm us by putting distance between us and our old enemies — the world, our flesh, and the devil.
And Bree now discovered that he had not really been going as fast — not quite as fast — as he could. Shasta felt the change at once. Now they were really going all-out.
The old cliché “God will never give you more than you can handle” has taunted me over the years. I can remember several times in life when it has seemed evident that God was giving more than I could handle.
Would anyone claim the ability to handle the sudden, near-death experience of their son due to life-threatening seizures? What about loved ones walking away from God? Disability? Chronic pain? You likely have much worse trials to add to my list. We endure these circumstances because we have no choice, even as we endeavor to walk through them trusting that God is for us in Christ.
Still, as I was lying facedown on the bathroom floor, drenched in a sweaty fainting spell while paramedics worked on my seizing son in the next room, I certainly didn’t feel like I had been given a situation that was within my ability to handle.
A Lion and Our Limits
“Gallop, Bree, gallop. Remember you’re a war-horse” (The Horse and His Boy, 270). Aravis, a young princess escaping the evils of her country, Calormen, urged the talking horse named Bree to run as fast as he could away from the enemies that pursued them. C.S. Lewis tells us this story in A Horse and His Boy, one of the seven Chronicles of Narnia. Bree and his friend Hwin appear, by their own reckoning, to be running all-out. “And certainly both Horses were doing, if not all they could, all they thought they could; which,” as Lewis tells us, “is not quite the same thing.”
This desperate sprint across the countryside by two talking horses — and the unlikely boy and girl on their backs — would quickly reach a peak of terror none of them could have anticipated. For not only were they chased by a terrible army of Calormene soldiers, but a much nearer and more dangerous enemy roared at their backs: a great lion.
“And Bree now discovered that he had not really been going as fast — not quite as fast — as he could. Shasta felt the change at once. Now they were really going all-out” (271). This simple scene in the midst of a children’s story profoundly changed my perspective in three ways over the past decade and beyond: (1) it has changed how I understand my “limits” in the midst of difficulty, (2) it has reminded me of Who it is that bears down on me in those difficult times, and (3) it has helped me glimpse the goodness of God in how much he chooses to bear down on us.
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