Most of us probably assume that the criminal justice system in our country is generally sound. We may believe that it needs some tweaks here and there. We may understand that because it exists in a fallen world it will in some ways reflect the sins and weaknesses of the people who control and oversee it. But rarely do we pause to ask questions like this: If we had to design a criminal justice system from scratch and do so in a way that is consistent with Scripture, what might it look like? What principles would we embed within it? And how closely would it resemble the system we currently have?

Matthew Martens has thought deeply about these issues. He thought about them as a lawyer who graduated at the top of his class at the University of North Carolina School of Law, as a law clerk for a federal court of appeals judge, and then for Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist at the Supreme Court. Over the past 20 years, he thought about them while serving first as a federal prosecutor and then as a defense attorney. And then he thought about them as a seminary student who graduated from Dallas Theological Seminary with a master’s degree in biblical studies. He is nothing if not well-qualified. His reflections and analysis of criminal justice in general, and the American criminal justice system in particular, have now been published in Reforming Criminal Justice: A Christian Proposal, a book that is fascinating, concerning, and challenging all at once.
Martens explains that the book had its genesis in a conversation with one of the pastors at his church. This dinner took place shortly after the events in Ferguson, Missouri that followed news of the death of Michael Brown. Knowing that Martens was familiar with America’s criminal justice system, this pastor encouraged him to write a book on the subject. He considered it but, being busy with other matters, set it aside. Several years later, following the death of George Floyd and all the unrest that followed, another pastor encouraged him to write the same book. And this time he agreed.
He begins it this way: “You have heard it said that justice delayed is justice denied. But I tell you that justice denied is love denied. And love denied to either the crime victim or the criminally accused is justice denied. This, I hope to persuade you, is not merely my view but also Christ’s.” He means to show that the Bible speaks to the issue of criminal justice and that “the root of the biblical concept of justice is love.” For justice to be done, love must be extended to both the victim of a crime and to the one who has been accused of it. A system will be just to the degree that it extends love in this way.
Martens believes there are two roadblocks that have prevented Christians from having helpful conversations about criminal justice. The first is that some of the loudest voices on the issue are not well-informed and do not have an accurate knowledge of the way the criminal justice system actually operates. The second is that much of the discussion “occurs without reference to a comprehensive Christian ethic of criminal justice. Rather, much of the current Christian engagement on this issue sounds more like political talking points than a biblical framework.” He means to address both of these and lead Christians into more accurate, profitable, and biblical discussions.
Key to his explanation of criminal justice is that “the criminal justice system is, by definition, state-sponsored violence. Every criminal law, even a just one, is an authorization for the state to use physical force against an image bearer if he or she fails to comply with the law’s mandate.” The Bible does not prohibit such violence but, rather, explicitly sanctions it. An arrest, a jail sentence, or a death penalty are all acts of violence in which the system uses force against a person who has been made in the image of God. God permits this in order to maintain law and order in his world. However, it is critical that such violence be committed justly, which is to say, that it be done in love for both the victim and the accused. Hence, this is a book about love and how a criminal justice system—and especially America’s criminal justice system—can display love, for a truly just system is a system that will be marked by God’s love for accused and victim alike.
The book is comprised of two parts. In the first part, Martens proposes a Christian ethic of criminal justice that can then be used to analyze America’s system or that of any other nation. Here he draws out biblical principles that can apply to any nation at any time in history. He considers how criminal justice is a form of social justice. (For those who recoil at the use of the words social justice, he uses the term in the valid or traditional sense of “the just ordering of society” rather than the modern sense that is ideological and connected to critical theory.) If criminal justice is truly a matter of the just ordering of society, Christians ought to care about it and be as active in countering injustice in this area as in other areas like abortion or sex slavery. After all, “justified people should advocate for more just laws.” What might just laws, and therefore a just criminal justice system, promote and value? His answer is accuracy, due process, accountability, impartiality, and proportionality. Each of these terms receives a chapter-length treatment to show how they are consistent with the character of God and his revelation of himself in the Bible.
In the second section, Martens takes a look at the way America’s criminal justice system has been structured and the way that it functions. He especially considers aspects of it that so many people take for granted. In every case, he considers whether it truly reflects God’s love and justice. He means to ensure that his readers understand how the system actually works and especially how it handles the prosecution of criminal offenses, beginning with indictment and continuing all the way through sentencing. It’s important to understand that his focus is not on policing, for that would be a very different book that would fall outside of his expertise. Rather, his focus is on what happens after the police have apprehended a suspect and turned him or her over to the criminal justice system.
So in this section of the book he considers what the system counts as a crime, then looks at plea bargaining, jury selection, judges, assistance of counsel, exculpatory evidence, witnesses, sentencing, and the death penalty. In every case, he considers how this aspect of the system measures up in accuracy, due process, accountability, impartiality, and proportionality. You may not be shocked to learn that he believes the system often falls far short, and that elements of injustice are deeply embedded and widely accepted within America’s criminal justice system. He makes this case slowly and deliberately but, to my mind, convincingly.
A final chapter asks what Christian individuals can do and how they can act in order to advocate for greater justice and for justice that flows from love for both those who have been victimized and those who have been accused.
I have commented in the past that there is a lot of sameness in Christian publishing. It’s for that reason that I am so often intrigued when I find a book that is completely different from any I have read before. This one most certainly qualifies. In Reforming Criminal Justice, Matthew Martens addresses a subject that concerns few of us but ought to concern all of us. He explains what the Bible says about criminal justice, calls us to analyze the systems our nations have, and encourages us to advocate for ones that are better, which is to say, ones that reflect God’s love and God’s justice. Whoever you are and wherever you live (and, it should be noted, I live in a country other than the one that forms the setting for this book), I expect you will benefit from reading it and that you will be challenged by it.
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Every now and again I like to publicly reply to some of the questions that come my way via email (or, as is largely the case today, through events I have attended). Here are my answers to a selection of questions I thought were particularly interesting.

How can you encourage someone who is struggling with habitual sin?
In different areas and to different degrees we all struggle with habitual sins. And we will continue to do so until we are in the presence of the Lord. So I suppose the first thing I would want to communicate is that you are not alone in battling deeply-rooted sin. This is the normal Christian experience. And then I would want to encourage you that the fact that you are struggling against this sin and that you are eager to see progress against it is evidence of the Lord’s work within you. It is God who helps us identify sin and who gives us the longing to be free of it.
Yet the normalcy of sin should in no way permit complacency in battling hard against it. Bound up in the word “habitual” is “habit” which helps show both the difficulty of the challenge and the solution. We are creatures of habit. Over time we create habits that are hard to break. This is wonderful when those habits are positive and terrible when they are negative.
So when you identify a habitual sin, you need to trace the ways in which you have trained yourself to follow particular patterns of behavior. Once you understand how this sin follows a behavioral pattern, you need to interrupt the habit at the very root and not just the point at which you commit the actual sin. In fact. You need to interrupt it at the point of desire, and not just action. Meanwhile, you need to discipline yourself to develop new and better habits. When we discuss matters like “spiritual disciplines,” we are really just discussing the habits of the Christian life that will lead us into godliness.
All the while remember that it is Christ who gives you the desire and the ability to put sin to death and to come alive to righteousness. He does not leave you alone in this task, but indwells you by his Spirit. You can have confidence in this battle that God is battling with you, for you, and within you. And the battle is not merely about the actions we take, but the very things our hearts desire.
What are the most important things to look for in a spouse?
Character, character, and character. Obviously, there are other matters to consider like some degree of physical attraction, shared life goals, and similar doctrinal convictions. Yet nothing counts for more than Christian character. Lemuel got it right when he said, “Charm is deceitful, and beauty is vain, but a woman who fears the LORD is to be praised” (Proverbs 31:30). And so, too, is a man.
The person you marry will have the closest view of your sinfulness and will offer the most input on addressing it. Would you rather this person be known for Christian character or vocational success?
The person you marry will accompany you through some deep and dark valleys of suffering and sorrow. Are you likely to endure these times better with a beautiful person or with a godly one?
The person you marry will have the most significant impact on the spiritual and social development of your children. Would you rather have them raised by a person focused on wealth or a person focused on godliness?
You may find a person who has all of this and more. But if we are addressing priorities in a potential spouse, there is no priority more important and more desirable than distinctly Christian character. This is the one that must trump all others.
Is there biblically anything wrong with a single woman indicating interest in a single man or even making the first move by inviting him out for a coffee?
The Bible has a lot to say about marriage and about the relationship between a husband and a wife. But it has very little to say about the process of getting there. And I suspect this is because that process tends to be closely bound to cultural norms. In biblical times most marriages were arranged (e.g. Isaac and Rebekah) or pseudo-arranged (e.g. Jacob and Leah/Rachel) within family or cultural relationships. What we know in a modern Western context as “dating” would have been as foreign to them as arranged marriages are to most of us.
There are probably a couple of useful biblical principles we can muster to our cause. Marriage is to be “in the Lord,” so that Christians must only pursue other Christians (1 Corinthians 7:39). Unmarried Christians are to relate to one another in a way similar to family members, so that men are to treat “older women as mothers, younger women as sisters, in all purity” (1 Timothy 5:2). It’s good to fix in your mind that “if she’s not your wife, she’s your sister” (or, “if he’s not your husband, he’s your brother.”). And, of course, we must always love, serve, honor, and protect one another, and perhaps especially so in areas of special vulnerability like love and romance.
With all that said, I can’t think of a place where the Bible forbids women from making the first move, indicating interest, or prompting a coffee date. Neither do I think this introduces any necessary concern that it will forever invert gender roles so that, should the couple marry, the man will never be the leader in the home.
To push a little more, it could be that God has gifted a particular woman, or perhaps even all women, to be more perceptive than men in certain ways. I often think of Miller’s words that “woman’s quick intuition often sees at a glance what man’s slow logic is long in discovering.” This has certainly proven true in my experience. Either way, if a woman sees a possibility a man does not, the Bible gives no notion that it would be wrong for her to express it.
The fact is, God gives us freedom in many areas and where there is no clear biblical command or direction we do not need to fear transgressing his will. Many such fears are more about transcending cultural traditions than ones the Bible is concerned about.
What should the Christian’s response to drag shows in front of children in libraries be? Should there be a course of action other than prayer?
The rise of drag shows for children is one of the most obvious and distressing realities—or symbolic acts, even—of life in the late stages of the sexual revolution. It stands alongside transgenderism as the clearest evidence of the ways humanity is eager to both invert and pervert God’s design and to do so among even the youngest and most vulnerable people. There is something almost sacramental about it.
This question twice uses the word should which implies some kind of moral responsibility—that there is a necessary set of actions a Christian must take to be faithful to the Lord in the light of drag shows. Yet I am struck that in New Testament times there were many hideously inappropriate and exploitative forms of entertainment and many horrible social practices and customs, yet when God addressed Christians through the biblical writers, he did not demand certain responses to them. Rather, he addressed their own desires, motives, and actions and presumably gave them freedom to respond in different ways according to opportunity, position, burden, and so on.
And I think this is instructive. There are myriad social ills and none of us has the time, capacity, or knowledge to address them all. Meanwhile, it seems that God burdens us differently so that where one person may have a deep concern for the cause of abortion, another will have a deep concern for the cause of euthanasia, and another for the cause of drag shows. I think we can take these burdens as being from the Lord and to follow them into action toward that specific cause. This does not mean we are ambivalent about other issues, but merely that they do not press so deeply upon our hearts. We must always be careful that we do not judge the faithfulness of others by their passion for our preferred cause. It’s better far to understand and rejoice that God is working in a thousand ways through the diverse gifts, desires, and burdens he gives to his people.
So I suppose I would say that there is no necessary action any of us must take in the light of drag shows at schools and libraries other than to live godly, upright lives. The better question might be something like this: What could be the Christian’s response to drag shows in front of children in libraries? In that case, prayer is certainly first and key. Beyond that, much will depend on context and opportunity. Some may wish to approach the issue politically, some may wish to write op-eds in local papers, some may wish to register concern at a school board meeting, some may wish to protest or picket, and so on. There are many ways Christians can express their dismay and concern and to speak God’s truth in the face of man’s lies.
How can I acknowledge and address laziness in my life?
Why don’t you start by admitting your need for rest. God made us as weak, limited, finite creatures. Even in a perfect world the perfect God built in a pattern of rest, then codified it in his Law: “Six days you shall labor, and do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God.… For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested on the seventh day.” We are to work hard in this world, but also to rest. We have been given sober responsibilities by the Lord, yet responsibilities that do not supplant the necessity to rest. Put simply, we cannot honor God if we do not cease from our work. It’s for this reason that it’s wise to build regular patterns of rest—weekly rest, periodic rest, annual rest, and so on.
When we have admitted our need for rest we can then consider when and if we are making time to do so. We are resting when we are deliberately stepping away from our day-to-day responsibilities, and especially those related to our primary vocations. This will look as different as our lives and circumstances. The rest of a retiree may bear little resemblance to the rest of a nursing mother, or the rest of a farmer to the rest of a school teacher.
Once we have learned to rest and have built patterns of rest, we are in a position to evaluate whether we are truly resting or merely being lazy. If an activity or period of inactivity is in some way equipping us to take up our God-given duties with fresh energy it is rest; if it’s just escaping from our God-given duty and sapping our energy, it may well be laziness. (Also see this)

Logos’ March Matchups is done and there are some great deals to be had. Baker Commentary on the Old Testament is 60% off and Pillar New Testament Commentary is 57% off. A bunch of others are in the 40-60% off range. Get the deals while you can!
Westminster Books is having their annual (semi-annual?) sale on pew Bibles. It’s a good time to stock up!
I added a good-sized batch of Kindle deals yesterday and will see what today brings.

I enjoyed Susan’s anecdote about a flight and a conversation.

“Oh, the benefit of hindsight. One hundred years later, it seems like the most obvious thing in the world to us that a ship should have enough lifeboats for all of its passengers and crew. But if anyone had pointed out the danger to White Star, the company that owned the Titanic, they would have laughed as they positively compared themselves to every other ship out there.”

What is the correct response when God blesses others and not us? Here’s some guidance.

Samuel James uses the recent example of the Princess of Wales to show how technology has a way of redefining personhood.

Andrew Roycroft has a great little tribute to Anne Marie Vallotton. You may not recognize her name, but there’s a good chance you’ll recognize her art.

Anne Kennedy: “Fortunately for us, Satan lacks self-control. He can’t keep anything within reasonable proportion. He can’t be content with transing just some of the kids. He must trans all of them. He must destroy every human body on the way to devouring every precious soul. And so, eventually, all the confused speech becomes such a deafening cacophony of lies, that all the ‘surgical racism,’ whatever that is, will be seen for what it is—total and complete evil.”

…we are not our own, but belong to him in body and in soul, in life and in death, in joy and in sorrow, in the circumstances we would have chosen anyway and the ones we would have avoided at all costs. 

While God did rest from His creative work, since the Fall He has never rested from His redemptive work.
—Peter Hubbard